Asset Identification and Classification Policy - 2967 Words

Asset Identification Classification Policy Policy Definition It is the goal of this organization to implement the policies necessary to achieve the appropriate level of protection for each corporate asset. Standard Protecting each asset requires collaboration from every employee. Different assets have a different probability of failure do to vulnerabilities, threats and require annual information security training for each employee. Procedure A true security program includes an Asset Identification Classification Policies, therefore, identifying and categorizing, tracking and managing assets require one to create and implement an inventory control list according to the recommendation outline in NIST 800-53 Rev. 4 Security and†¦show more content†¦The Acceptable Use Policy outlines the appropriate/acceptable behavior and ramification for noncompliance to this and every policy of this organization. Procedure The Acceptable Use Policy must address every aspect of an employees daily routine outlining to Do and Do Not as he or his uses to assets/resources of this organization. Guidelines The intent of these guidelines is to help employee make the best decision when using the assets/resources of this organization; as well as refer employee to additional policies for further clarification. †¢ Expectation of privacy †¢ Workplace Privacy and Employee Monitoring †¢ Internet Usage o Access Control to prevent employee from accessing in appropriate site †¢ E-Mail Usage o Etiquette o Mandatory Signatures o Attachment protocols o Continuing education ï‚ § Spam ï‚ § Malware ï‚ § Virus †¢ Software/hardware o Installation and deletion †¢ Use of hardware o USB Drives o CD †¢ Ramifications o Organizational Penalties o Employee infraction scale †¢ Communication devices Threat/Vulnerability Assessment Management Policy Policy Definition A Threat and Vulnerability Assessment and Management Policy by design uses processes and technology that helps identify, assess and remediate IT threats and vulnerability. A term â€Å"threat† is any action of exploiting a vulnerability that results inShow MoreRelatedIs20071634 Words   |  7 PagesInformation security policies, standards, procedures and guidelines drive risk management, security and control requirements throughout the organization Information security policies, standards, procedures and guidelines drive risk management, security and control requirements throughout the organization 4.2 TREATING SECURITY RISKS 5 SECURITY POLICY 5.1 INFORMATION SECURITY POLICY 5.1.1 Information security policy document 5.1.2 Review of the information security policy 6 ORGANIZATION OFRead MoreOrganizational Analysis : Greiblock Credit Union1214 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Midwestern United States. GCU headquarters is located in Chicago, Illinois and is the centralized location for all Information Technology (IT) services for all its locations. Policies and Procedures To ensure that GCU complies with current National Credit Union Administration (NCUA) rules and regulations, policies and procedures must be developed and implemented that will ensure compliance by GCU and its employees. Cybersecurity has become a threat to all financial institutions that it has compelledRead MoreGenerally Accepted Accounting Principles and Case989 Words   |  4 Pagesgreenmail premium Case 6: Revenue recognition in the construction industry Case 7: Accrual and measurement of interest payments Case 8: Recognition of an asset transfer when title has not yet been received Case 9: Capitalization of interest and property taxes on a construction project Case 10: Deferred compensation and life insurance policy recognition Case 11: Reporting earnings per share balances for subsidiary companies Case 12: Deferment of lease payments Case 13: Disclosure of priorRead MoreEssay about IS3230 Lab 5 Chris Wiginton1168 Words   |  5 Pagesand how is this concept aligned with Identification and Authentication? a) Authorization is the process of determining whether an entity, once authenticated, is permitted to access a specific asset. b) Authorization is what takes place after a person has been both identified and authenticated; it’s the step that determines what a person can then do on the system. 3. Provide at least 3 examples of Network Architecture Controls that help enforce data access policies at the LAN-to-WAN Domain level. a)Read MoreHow Security Management Is The Core Component That Made Up The Foundation Of A Corporations Security Program1437 Words   |  6 Pagessecurity education, information classification, information security policies, standards, procedures, baselines and guidelines are the elements of the core component. This chapter further explained that security management is activated to protect company assets. These assets can easily be identified through risk analysis. This risk analysis exposes the threat that can easily put the assets at risk. The risk analysis, according to this chapter also facilitates identification of the budgets to know howRead MoreNT2580 Final Study Guide Essay1428 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Nt2580 FINAL EXAM: Study Guide 1. Which of the following is an action that could damage an asset? (Page 6) -Threat - Any action that could damage an asset. 2. Which law requires all types of financial institutions to protect customers’ private financial information? (Page 9) -Gramm-Leach Bliley Act(GLBA - Passed in 1999, 3. An AUP is part of a layered approach to security, and it supports confidentiality. What else supports confidentiality? (Page 14) Protecting Private Data - The processRead MoreIs4550 Week 5 Lab1611 Words   |  7 PagesLaboratory: Part 1 Part 1: Assess and Audit an Existing IT Security Policy Framework Definition Learning Objectives and Outcomes Upon completing this lab, students will be able to complete the following tasks: * Identify risks, threats, and vulnerabilities in the 7 domains of a typical IT infrastructure * Review existing IT security policies as part of a policy framework definition * Align IT security policies throughout the 7 domains of a typical IT infrastructure as part of a layeredRead Morelab 5 Essay719 Words   |  3 PagesToken c. Shared Secret 2. What is Authorization and how is this concept aligned with Identification and Authentication? Authorization is a set of rights defined for a subject and an object; this concept is aligned with Identification and Authentication because these are the 3 steps to the access control process 3. Provide at least 3 examples of Network Architecture Controls that help enforce data access policies at LAN-to-WAN Domain level. a. Remote Access Servers b. Authentication Servers cRead MoreWhat Is The Components Of Service Chain1318 Words   |  6 PagesLogistics requirements will be fulfilled using each Signal Battalion internal service support assets or via external contract support. In order to enable trained and ready expeditionary Signal forces IOT Prepare to Deploy Order (PTDO) abroad. Service support elements will provide Common User Logistics (CUL) IAW both the Army regulations and IAW XVIII Corps policies/directives. (U) Execution a. (U) Concept of Sustainment. Signal Forces will self-sustain in four phases: (1) (U) Phase I. (Pre-DeploymentRead MoreThe Security And Protection Of Patient Information1215 Words   |  5 Pagespurpose of this Policy is to clearly demonstrate the commitment of the home center management to the security and protection of patient information. Management is dedicated to fostering a culture of compliance among all employees. This Policy sets the direction, gives broad guidance, and defines the requirements for security related processes, programs, and actions across the center. The center should be committed to consistent enforcement of this Policy and cyber security. This Policy should be in

Hope Amidst Terror - 1036 Words

The horrifically unjust persecution of the Jewish people during the Holocaust is widely recognized as history’s single most malevolent event. Oskar Schindler’s courageous protection of his workers has become one of the most famous acts of compassion that occurred during Hitlers systematic execution of the Jews. Schindler was able to save over one thousand Jews by using his wealth and connections. The compassion that this member of the Nazi party showed to the Jews was punishable by death, yet he risked his life. Schindler and his assistant, Itzhak Stern, created a list of names, all of Schindler’s beloved workers who would be saved the horror of certain death at Nazi concentration camps. Stern, although a Jew, earned the position of†¦show more content†¦Through acts of selfless compassion good triumphs over evil. In direct opposition to compassion is hatred. At the root of all evil is the escalation of negativity manifested in a series of beliefs that ca n turn to actions. The Anti-Defamation League works to prevent anti-Semitism and they define a series of steps starting with â€Å"ignorance, insensitivity, stereotyping, prejudice and bigotry† which are at the bottom of the â€Å"iceberg† meaning they are present, that can and do escalate to crimes of discrimination, harassment and hate crimes. These are the steps Germany took under Hitler that led to the mass killing of the Jewish people. According to researchers in the Scholastic Update article, â€Å"Why Do People Hate,† hatred is learned. â€Å"The ugliest and most extreme violence is grounded in common, everyday prejudice, learned in childhood and reinforced by society.† The effect of Hitler’s goal to create a totalitarian state made up of the perfect, Aryan race was teaching Germans hatred and escalating the violence. Few had the courage to counter this, but Schindler proved to be, albeit flawed, a Nazi with a heart sympathetic to human suffering. Civilization is a fragile state that ultimately requires compassion from it’s citizens. The Holocaust forcesShow MoreRelatedThe On The Arid Coastline Of Oil Rich Libya1093 Words   |  5 PagesBenghazi. Beginning with the overthrow of King Idris in 1969 and the 42 year reign of dictator Muammar Gaddafi, Libya has been anything but a stable country. The controversial dictatorship of Gaddafi, his overthrowing in 2011, and the subsequent reign of terror by numerous militant groups that hold Benghazi in their grip to this day have contributed to numerous deaths (Maslin, 2016) and thousands displaced. Another aspect of Benghazi’s fight for survival stems from the relatively recent introduction of constantRead MoreThe Death Of Louis Xvi And Marie Antoinette1374 Words   |  6 Pagesdramatic novelistic style piece of literature, When The King Took Flight. The novel analyzes the events that occurred post Louis’s attempted escape out of France and dedicates each chapter to representing a different segment of the population. This amidst Tacketts extensive research makes for an exciting, and insightful read. The reader is provided with detailed views from the king and queen as they planned and carried out their flight, the people of Varennes upon seizing the royal family, the radicalsRead MoreGravity Movie Review872 Words   |  4 PagesStone; an â€Å"everyday† person (albeit a medical engineer) who is legitimately sent to space (unlike the colourful team of drillers sent to save the earth in Armageddon) immediately gives Bullock’s character a relatable quality. She reacts with true terror and grief at every twist and turn, and as she struggles between giving up and fighting for her life, the audience’s heart breaks with hers. Alfonso Cuarà ³n did a brilliant job of ensuring these A-list stars were not â€Å"glammed up,† though Bullock didRead MoreThe Battle Of The War I1244 Words   |  5 Pagesconfrontin g insight on the events that took place on the battlefield. He conveys horror and despair as he explores ideas of war, pain, and fear. The British government neglected the brutality and savagery of the war and Sassoon successfully captures the terror brought onto the soldiers through this mechanized war. Sassoon s experience of World War 1 is brought evocatively to life through his poem â€Å"Attack† where he exposes the threatening and suffering nature of the battlefield against the traditional,Read MoreEssay On Hero Is A Hero1035 Words   |  5 PagesDouglass stated, in his autobiography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave. It took extreme perseverance to make it all the way from Baltimore, where he lived as a slave, to New York City while in hiding. Despite living in terror of being captured and returned to slavery, he decided to share his journey with the world through his book! A second example of heroes being persistent through tough ti mes is displayed in the recently released film, Only the Brave. This film honorsRead MoreThe Crisis Since World War II977 Words   |  4 Pagesair is pierced with the rattle of a machine gun off in the distance. Minutes later, an MIG cannon rumbles the earth, sending a shaking building to tumble to its death. Screams can be heard amidst the chaos. No, this isn’t the setting of a bad dream, or even the plot of a scene depicting the throws of war. Terror, violence, and bloodshed, mark the reality of the civil war in Syria, which some claim is the biggest humanitarian crisis since World War II. It seems like everyone has an opinion regardingRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedys Call To Action936 Words   |  4 Pageschallenge the status quo of the current government policy by protesting against these issues. From hippies to teddy boys, they opposed the existing conditions in the United States that have emerged as contentious reasons to warrant public outcry. Amids t this conflict, when John F. Kennedy (who ran against Republican Richard Nixon) was inaugurated as the 35th president of the United States on January 20th, 1961 he delivered his â€Å"call to action† speech. With carefully picked diction that laid the groundworkRead MoreThe Walking Dead1495 Words   |  6 Pagesher skull as he struggles to ward off her flesh-hungry zombie attack. â€Å"The Walking Dead† has since amassed quite the following of fans who rave in equal parts about the show’s violent and spine-tingling special effects and its subtle commentary on hope and the human condition. Watching the hour-long gorefest in which infected men, woman and even children are repeatedly shown receiving violent and bloody blows to the head, one cannot help but wonder, is â€Å"The Walking Dead’s† portrayal of violenceRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado : William Shakespeare1450 Words   |  6 Pagesresembles the beauty and darkness that is found in Shak espeare’s tragedies. In the intriguing short story â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† two wealthy gentlemen from an Italian, wine-loving village go off to find a barrel of expensive medium-dry sherry to share amidst a happy carnival, and the stakes rise when one of the men betrays his friend, chaining and trapping him deep in the catacombs. The jolly and fun-loving Fortunato is assumed to be unfortunately slowly killed by the narrator, Montresor. The relationshipRead MoreA Brief Note On The Syrian Civil War1708 Words   |  7 Pagesespecially if it is a civil war. 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Relevance of Organizational Capabilities †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Relevance of Organizational Capabilities. Answer: Introduction: This marketing plan is based on an Indian fashion boutique located named Abhishek Creation in the state Gujarat. This boutique is operating in the clothing retail that sells out the fashionable clothes especially for women. The boutique is located in the Asopalav, Gujarat India which is the popular and famous place for the tourists to spend the vacations. The boutique follows modern business trends and focus on the preferences of the customers along with the Indian culture. The Abhishek Creation is located in Gujarat, the most popular state of India. The main objective of boutique is to build strong brand name of the business by providing unique quality of clothing experience to the customers. The boutique basically focuses on the colors, fits, and styles for the female customers to meet their requirements. For providing best quality clothes, it is essential for boutique to have proper understanding of the preferences of the consumers. This report provides a detailed marketing plan f or Abhishek Creation to achieve strong position in the market. Market analysis of Abhishek Creation It is well-known that the fashion industry in current time is very attractive for the young people especially for female, so boutique is focusing on the female customers. The boutique basically focuses on the on the modern fashion trends and follows the choices and preferences of the customers in the operating industry. Based on the needs and requirements of the consumers, boutique is able to meet the expectations of the customers by using proper marketing strategy (Seshadri, 2009). Boutique Abhishek Creation basically offers the combination of various clothing products for female customers. The boutique provides various fashion clothes based on the modern fashion trends by focusing on the purchasing power of the customers in the market. it is well-known that female customers are very conscious for their fashion and dressing sense so main products of the boutique are business clothing, casual wear, formal wear and traditional clothing that represent Indian culture. Profit of the boutique is earned by the sales of these clothing products. The pricing structure set by the company is very flexible due to implementing the reasonable prices on the clothes to attract the customers and tourists. in this manner, the company is using value based pricing structure so that it can provide quality, effective customer services, easy access of the products and style to attract the target market. Along with this, boutique uses end of season sale, promotional coupons, and multi- buy savings for the marketing strategies. The key message of the boutique is versatile, classy and expansive clothing for women. Overview of Abhishek Creation The mission of the company is to build up the new ways of fashion to its customers based on the style and quality. The boutique is trying to develop the product range for men and children along with the women customers. The new range of the products will be helpful in meeting the expectations and demands of the target customers. The objective of Abhishek Creation is to differentiate the products from the other boutiques by offering quality and stylish clothing products to the female customers. The key aim of the boutique is to improve the shopping experience of the customers in the positive manner. So, boutique has aim to offer the products in all the sizes and shapes for female customers. Along with this, the objective of the boutique is to make the purchasing easy, effective and cheap for the customers in the clothing market. Abhishek Creation is seeking to use its core competencies to get sustainable competitive advantage in the clothing and retail industry. In terms of effective services, competitors are not able to provide the same value to the consumers that Abhishek Creation is providing. The boutique has developed its core competencies in- Providing a high-quality fabric and clothing products whose image is familiar among the customers in the market, Developing the sense of community among the customers who are purchasing the clothing products on daily basis, and Developing strong reputation among the retailers as the trustworthy manufacturer of clothing products by delivering the requested number of products in the given timeline The boutique is focusing on building these competencies by making the efforts to increase the number of the products offered to the customers. Along with this, by establishing strong relationship with the retailers, customers, and the suppliers of the fabric and other products, boutique is able to create sustainable competitive advantage over the competitors in the market. Indian traditional market is the centre of attraction for the internal customers and tourists. In all the segments, the womens segment is covering overall Indian wear market with 87% and this growth will continue to drive overall sector. The womens wear is alone is expected to grow with the fixed rate of 8% over the coming years. The boutiques and local retailers are able to grasp the opportunities due to the presences of various traditional events. There is the religious and cultural diversity in India and wide ranges of the occasions are celebrated. On such festivals, people tend to purchase ethnic wear for both, personal use and for gifting. These occasions typically drive the growth of ethnic wear for women. Female customers prefer traditional Indian dresses as those are related with the attributes of comfort, convenience as well as contemporary fashion. Along with this, there is one of the emerging trends to grow in the womens segment that the number women in corporate workforce are increasing continuously. So, local as well as established brands are taking opportunities and making effective changes in their product portfolios (Gugnani Brahma, 2013). The key area for the products of the company will target on women as it is very easy to attract the women as compared to men by providing large varieties of clothing. Women generally want the type of clothes which are both fashionable and comfortable and hence the company will try to design clothes according to their preferences and demands. Also, India is rich in its cultural heritage and thats why company will also keep an eye on demands and preferences of tourists as people like shopping on their vacations (Mouncey Baker, 2009). The fashion boutique is a kind of company which adopts the strategy of consumers preferences. The main target of the boutique will be fulfilling the demand of women. Abhishek Creation also follows the strategy of attracting young females by providing special products like ethic wears and accessories. In current time, female customers are concerned for quality, customer value uniqueness, effective services and convenience. The age group targeted by the company for women is 20 to 40 and there will be no distinction regarding the background and color of the customers in this age limit. Along with this, price factor is the most significant factor which every consumer keeps in mind while selecting a product. The fashion boutique will provide the customers quality products at reasonable prices which are worth for the product. Target group of the Abhishek Creation will be those women consumers who want to purchase ethnic clothes and are willing to spend their money for quality clothing. In current time, female customers are interested in purchasing the clothes having unique patterns and designs. So, Abhishek Creation will attract female customers by providing best quality and designs. Abhishek Creation will provide traditional and ethical clothing with the exclusive personal services. Key competitive advantages of the boutique will be the unique design clothes that will represent the culture of the country. This would b helpful for women in developing their personal style. In present scenario of dynamic environment, it is necessary for the company to develop a unique marketing strategy from the starting of business. The company will not only have to adopt attractive marketing strategies but should also design the clothes with trending and attractive designs. The company will also join hands with other retailers of markets to expand its awareness related to brand (Hoskisson, 2009). The company can also hire a firm to design its market strategy in a cost effective manner. The tagline, logo of the company will able to identify the idea behind the generation of the boutique. The companys target is to budget its marketing techniques not more than 5% of the gross annual sale of companys products. Joining of hands or partnership with other retailers will help the company to organize local events and it will also help in targeting its customers. The company can use media coverage techniques, direct mail marketing, campaigns and local print advertisement to mar ket its products (Gruca Rego, 2009). It is essential for the customers to understand about the products and services provided by the boutique. To attract large customer base, it is crucial for the company to make the customer aware about the offered products. For this manner, company will focus on developing a website for the consumers and will have unique domain name of the website like abhishekcreation.com (Huang, Sarigll, 2012). Along with this, company will plan to hire more web designers for the site development. The aim of the company will be showing the clothing products on the online platform to the customers. By this manner, boutique is trying to establish a community where women can gather and talk about the clothing secrets (Payne Holt, 2008). In retail fashion industry, fashion boutique is stronger and powerful business with dynamic styles and demand of the customers. Now days customers want to enjoy the shopping where customers friendly services are provided. Although various megastores for shopping are available but in present scenario customers want a change in it. Demand for clothing will always remain high in the market and mostly among women. In current scenario women prefer the type of clothing which is not only comfortable but should also be fashionable. They try to find out different wears for all purposes like casual wear and business wear. The customer also prefers to buy the clothes for all seasons. To sustain in the dynamic market and to fulfill the demands of the customers, company can assign a team to get feedbacks from their regular and important customers (Joshi, 2009). It is expected that the clothing retail industry in India will grow of 6% by 2023. The demand of the fashion accessories is growing continuously and that is making the Indian fashion market interesting and profitable. The Indian fashion retail industry has to face many changes and challenges in recent years that indicate the involvement of the country in the fashion market. The challenges are related to the changing needs of the customers which are needed to be addressed in the most proper and effective manner. Further, there is one more critical factor affecting the success of fashion retailers i.e. buying behavior of consumers. Indian fashion customers are attracted by various international fashion statements. Exposure to international events, increasing disposable incomes, rising confidence levels, and fashion icons are the factors responsible for driving the change in the consumer buying behavior. Micro and Macro Environment The companys strength is that it will provide customers friendly services and personal attention to each and every customer with unique and amazing shopping experience. The location of the company is also favorable in terms of accessibility by the customers. The company also have strong base of customers segmented by women. As the company is a new entrant in the retail fashion industry, it will get lots of opportunities to expand its business both in India as well as in international market. As the retail fashion industry is one of the large and strong industries in India, it is very difficult for the company to satisfy the needs of its customers and create an image in their eyes. Although the company has lots of opportunities regarding learning and getting experience of doing business but there is also strong competitors in the market which can easily dominate the companys products. For Abhishek Creation, there is the opportunity to raise the brand awareness by advertising and the promotional activities. Along with this, boutique has opportunity to increase its product range and expand the print designs. By using innovative printing methods and sustainable elements into designs, Abhishek Creation will be able improve its customer base in the operating market (Schnaars, 2010). There is the strong competition for Abhishek Creation from other boutique brand in Gujarat. Sometimes market saturation and economic recession can be major threat for boutique business. Further, there is one more threat that boutique is not able to compete with the lower and cheaper simulations on the high street. Political and legal sector include the policies and regulations imposed by the government to consider the organization as the legal and authorized business company. in this manner, Abhishek Creation should consider the political and legal aspects to show that the organization value the regulations and policies for the business operations. There are some regulations in India i.e. Employment Laws, Political stability, Tax policy, trade tariff restrictions and environmental regulations. The economic factors include those contexts in which an industry belong i.e. general economic conditions of the country or region, active demands of the products, level of competition in the market etc. Abhishek Creation is affected by some factors in the country i.e. economic condition world as increasing inflation rate are making the cots production high so the profit margin of the company is reducing (Marcer, 2012). In the social factors, the lifestyles of the customers affect the business of the boutique. The growing demands of the clothing products can be affected by the changing lifestyle of people in the operating area. Changes in the lifestyle and requirements in the various demographics affect the Abhishek Creations business and the demands of the customers for the specific product. Technological advancement in every sector has changed the way of business for the companies. In India, technology has changed overall socio-economic environment of the country. In the textile industry, there are many technological developments that have changed the way of clothing production in the positive manner. For the boutique Abhishek Creation, there is need to draw effective and unique marketing strategy to achieve positive growth in the operating manner. Boutique will not only focus on manufacturing of unique quality of clothes but also will promote those products by adopting unique marketing strategies. Along with this, company will also collaborate with other retailers so that brand awareness can be created among the customers. In the marketing strategy of the boutique, company will implement the marketing in the cost-effective manner (Lymbersky, 2009). An effective marketing message will also be created along with slogan and logo to reveal the idea of the generation of the boutique. In current time, Abhishek Creation is trying to capture local community of Gujarat by its business operations. For this manner, boutique will advertise its products by huge local print advertisements, direct mail marketing, media coverage, and various campaigns (Glowik Smyczek, 2011). Marketing mix Abhishek Creation is currently offering high-quality clothing products for the female customers. The boutique has done research on the most popular colors that suit on female customers such as sunrise pink, sunset red, desert rise, cactus green, and river rock gray etc. the company has produces wide range of products to attract its target market segments. The boutique basically manufactures the products for those customers who like to wear ethical dresses and feel the real culture of India. The concept of the boutique is Beyond Beauty so the boutique is seeking for those people who can fill the parts of creation, planning and sourcing (Lee, 2009). Abhishek Creation has set the prices of the products by keeping the competition in mind. Boutique is not concerned for setting up high prices for the clothing products. Along with this, company is also not focused on setting low prices for the high quality products. The value pricing is set setting up by the boutique so that the customers feel easy and comfortable purchasing of clothing products. Along with this, with the products, boutique also provides some gifts and vouchers for birthdays and anniversaries etc (Borden, 2015). In current time, boutique is marketing its products by the local and regional specialty shops in all over the area of Gujarat. Climates and season related products at the specialty shops such as woolen clothes are sold during the cold weather and cotton clothes are sold in the warm weather. Boutique gathers much information about overall industry trends in the various geographical locations. Along with this, boutique is also seeking to expand the distribution of the products to the retail shops outside of the Gujarat. Further, boutique is also planning for online sales by providing customized products by the internet only. By the online sales, customers will be able tom place the order of desired product. By these expansion plans, boutique Abhishek Creation is able maintain and monitor the strong relationship with the members of distribution channels (Palmer, 2008). Abhishek Creation has adopted a very effective way to communicate with the customers and retailers about its products. The information about the company and its products for customers can be achieved by the direct mailing, internet and in person. In the promotional efforts of boutique, it is focused on differentiating its products from the competitors in the market. The boutique believes in establishing personal contacts with retailers and customers to improve the sales of the products. Establishing strong relationships is helpful to demonstrate the unique qualities of the products to the customers. The representatives of the boutique visit to each stores and provide in-store training about the features of the products for the new retailers (Richard, 2008). Based on the analysis of both the assessments, it is observed that proper marketing plan is important for the growth and success of the company. According to American Marketing association, marketing plan can be considered as the process of setting objectives for the various marketing activities. Planning is the first management function which is to be performed in the process of the management. Marketing plan is crucial for the growth, survival, and prosperity of an organization in the competitive environment. In both of the assessments, industries are different and they are operating in the different environment. Comparison of both the marketing plans is as follows: The marketing mix of both the organizations is different as one is the service organization and second is product oriented organization. In the service organization Guide Dogs SA, marketing mix is focused on improving the life by providing the services to the children with disabilities. On the other hand, Abhishek Creation is the product oriented company and the marketing mix is focused on improving the customer base by offering unique quality of ethnic products. So, either for service marketing or product marketing, marketing mix is the effective tool for the organization to sustain its position in the market (Sherman, 2010). Marketing is crucial for the organizations for the sustainability, branding and social justice. The analysis reveals that the organizations implement marketing principles and strategies in incorporating into the brands along with the stakeholder interaction, visualization, corporate identity, corporate identity and corporate communications. By the marketing principles, both the organizations Guide Dogs SA and Abhishek Creation are able to create comprehensive sustainability and effective marketing approach and branding. References Borden, N.H., (2015). The concept of the marketing mix. Harvard Business school. Glowik, M. Smyczek, S., (2011). International Marketing Management: Strategies, Concepts and Cases in Europe. Page 301. (4th). New York: Physica-Verlag Gruca, T. S. Rego, L. L., (2009). Customer Satisfaction, Cash Flow and Shareholder Value: Journal of Marketing, 69, 11530 Gugnani, A. Brahma, K. P. (2013). Fashion Retail Scenario in India: Trends and Market Dynamics. Retrieved on 26th August 2017 from https://www.technopak.com/Files/fashion-retail-scenario-in-india.pdf Hoskisson, R., (2009). Business strategy: theory and cases. (6th). UK: John Murray Huang, R. and Sarigll, E., (2012). How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix: Journal of Business Research. 65(1). pp.92-99 Joshi, A. W., (2009). Continuous supplier performance improvement: Effects of collaborative communication and control: Journal of Marketing. 73(1). 133150 Lee, G. K., (2009). Relevance of organizational capabilities and its dynamics: What to learn from entrants product portfolios about the determinants of entry timing: Strategic Management Journal. 29. 12571280 Lymbersky, C. (2009). Market Entry Strategies: Text, Cases and Readings in Market Entry Management. (5th). Australia: Christoph Lymbersky Marcer, D., (2012). Marketing strategy: the challenge of the external environment. (5th). UK: Sage Publications Mouncey, P. Baker, S., (2009). The market researcher's manifesto: International Journal of Market Research. 45 (4). 415433 Palmer, A. (2008).Principles of Services Marketing. (5th). UK: McGraw-Hill Education (UK) Limited, pp420-421. Payne, A., Holt, S., (2008). Diagnosing Customer Value: Integrating the Value Process and Relationship Marketing: British Journal of Management. 12 (2). pp 159 182 Richard L. D., (2008). New Era of Management. (2nd). US: Thomson South-Western. p.311 Schnaars, S., (2010). Marketing strategy: a customer-driven approach. (5th). New York: Free Press Seshadri, S., (2009). Sourcing strategy: principles, policy, and designs. India: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd Sherman, B., (2010). Fashion Marketing: Using the Marketing Mix in the Fashion Industry. Retrieved on 26th August 2017 from https://fashionmarketinglessons.wordpress.com/2010/11/27/using-the-marketing-mix-in-the-fashion-industry/

The Chinese Economy, Culture & Society Essays - Independent Cities

The Chinese Economy, Culture & Society The social values and history have shaped and formed the economical developments and the current environment of business in the People's Republic of China. They have determined the patterns for negotiation and the Chinese perceptions of business, and their feelings towards westerners. The implicit and explicit rules that the Chinese society has on the development of businesses, and the economy in general, are very important issues for any person going into China to understand and consider. In order to achieve a successful partnership between Chinese and Western cultures it is essential to have a basic understanding of history and cultural developments that have shaped the current environment of business. The three pillars of China are economy, culture, and society. Economy The Chinese economy has been formed as a result of centuries of history and development, which reflect the philosophy of China and its current economical position. China started as a mainly agricultural based society with the subsistence group; the family. For more than 2000 years the Chinese economy operated under a type of feudal system; land was concentrated in the hands of a relatively small group of landowners whose income depended on rents from their peasant tenants. Agricultural taxes levied by the imperial government and crop yields subject to drought and floods kept agriculture relatively underdeveloped and organized in small units with the use of primitive methods for basic subsistence. The conclusion of the Opium War of 1840 formally initiated a period of Western penetration of China from the coastal treaty ports. Railroads and highways were constructed, and some industrial development began. Such activity had little impact, however, on the overall Chinese economy. In effect, China was carved up into a number of competing colonial spheres of influence. Japan, which tried to attach China to its East Asia prosperity Sphere, was able to create only isolated nodes of a modern economy. The Chinese Communist party emerged in the 1920s in the midst of a mounting economic crisis caused by foreign intervention and increased landlord influence in the countryside. For more than two decades, it expanded its control over large rural areas by introducing an agrarian program based on the control of rent and usury, and by giving power to peasant associations. On October 1, 1949, the Communist party successfully established a unified national government and economy on the mainland for the first time since the end of the imperial period in 1912. From 1949 to 1952 the emphasis was on halting inflation and ending food shortages and unemployment. The new government initiated a land reform program that redistributed land to 300 million poor peasants into cooperative farms. In 1958 the rural people's communes were established, and these dominated agriculture in China until the early 1980s. The commune was based on the collective ownership of all land and major tools by its members, who produced mainly to meet state planning targets and who were rewarded according to the work they performed, although basic necessities were guaranteed to all members. In the urban-industrial sector, state ownership of property and of industrial and commercial enterprises was gradually extended. Industry grew steadily from heavy investment under the first five-year plan, and the state-owned sector achieved an overwhelming importance. The second five-year plan was introduced in 1958, trying to get China ahead into industrialization. This program was characterized by large investments in heavy industry and the establishment of small-scale versions of such industries as steel refining. The program, however, caused great disruptions in economic management and in rational economic growth, and in 1960 the program had to be abandoned. The Chinese economy then entered a period of readjustment, but by 1965 production in many fields again approached the level of the late 1950s. The third five-year plan began in 1966, but both agricultural and industrial production were severely curtailed by the effects of the Cultural Revolution; a fourth five-year plan was introduced in 1971 as the economy began its recovery. After eliminating the vestiges of the Cultural Revolution in 1976, China's leaders decided to move at a faster pace on all economic fronts to make up for the loss suffered in the preceding ten years. A fifth five-year program began in 1976 but was interrupted in 1978, when the

ASB †Antisocial Behaviour

ASB – Antisocial Behaviour Free Online Research Papers How effective are ASBO’s in preventing anti – social behaviour amongst the youth in today’s society? Introduction This project will focus upon the issues of anti-social behaviour looking at whether they have been successful, what effect Anti – Social Behaviour Orders have had on the community and examines if there is enough happening to deter the youth culture from anti – social and criminal behaviour towards society. ASBO’s were introduced under section one of the government’s Crime and Disorder Act 1998 and it came into force on April 1st 1999. However, since they were introduced there has been a lot of controversy in whether ASBO’s have actually been effective in deterring and punishing criminal behaviour. The project will go on to discuss the kind of problems anti-social behaviour causes on the streets today. It defines dispersal orders that only the police or the police community support officers can issue towards groups, what the consequences would be if they disobeyed the law before looking at a number of options that will be there to hand out depending on the circumstances and the crime. This could range from acceptable behaviour agreements (ABA) and acceptable behaviour contracts (ABC) to fixed penalty notices (FPN) and Penalty notice for disorder (PND) as ASBO’s are usually only handed out as a last resort. What agencies are now enforcing against ASB, what possession orders are? In addition, how the role of parents could make a difference if produced with parenting orders to underage minors. Aims The aim of this project is to investigate the background of ASBO’s and looking at whether they do actually work in stopping anti – social behaviour amongst the youth culture in today’s society. Hypothesis The hypothesis is that ASBO’s are not beneficial within society. Discussion of issues Whenever there are complaints or bad behaviour then theses are the first steps in trying to deter the youths from delinquency. Dispersal Orders Police and Police Community Support Officers (PCSO/s) can disperse people or groups from places where they appear to be behaving anti – socially, the removal period is for 24 hours but if they refuse to disperse then the officer can give them an order lasting for six months. If anyone is under the age of sixteen, the police or PCSO’s are legally obligated to take them to their place of residence (www.connexions-direct.com) however if there then becomes trouble the PCSO’s can subsequently hand out ABC/s or ABA/s. Acceptable Behaviour Contracts and Acceptable Behaviour Agreement An Anti – social behaviour contract (ABC) is a written voluntary agreement between the perpetrator and their local authority, ABC’s are intended to get the individual to acknowledge and accept their anti – social behaviour and the effect it has on society. The ABC contract outlines what the individual agrees not to do and what the penalty of their consequence will be if they do breach their contract. ABC’s and ABA’s can be used within the same age groups as ASBO’s, if they have to be used on children aged under ten then parent intervention may need to come into force like parenting orders and are useful in stopping low levels of ASB. They are informal as well as flexible therefore they are not legally binding and as a result, they can be issued for all types of ASB nevertheless, they would be used in court as evidence against an eviction or possession proceedings. (www.connexions-direct.com) Fixed Penalty Notices and Penalty Notice for Disorder Fixed penalty notices and penalty disorders are a one – off penalty issued to people who commit anti – social behaviour. FPN are generally dealt with environmental offences like noise, graffiti, dog fouling, and litter. FPN however comes with a standard fine, which can vary, towards  £40  £80 depending upon the offence, they can be issued by PCSO’s, and local council officers as well as certain other accredited people. They can be issued to any persons over ten years old. Penalty notices for disorder are issued for more serious crimes like misuse of fireworks or being drunk and disorderly PCSO’s and police can also issue these notices. However, Firth (2009) stated that this type of order would be given out to anybody who is sixteen or over and the fine depends on the severity of the crime. Having looked at the options that seriously considered before ASBO’s are issued, this project will now move on to discuss ASBO’s. Antisocial Behaviour Order The ASBO become about due to the growing behavioural problems in today’s youth culture, the official name is anti – social behaviour order. ASBO’s was initially designed to prevent these negative activities and stop specific anti – social behaviours. ASB covers a wide spectrum of problems and offences ranging from street drinking, drunken behaviour, dropping litter, loud music, verbal abuse even hanging around on street corners (Hale 2005). ASBO’s also covers the more serious matters such as hate crime that consists of racist or homophobic abuse, the key determinant in deciding whether particular behaviour is anti-social or not should be the impact of the behaviour towards others. (www.communities.gov.uk) ASBO’s are compared to the broken window theory outlined by Wilson and Kelling (1982) whereby they claim that if a broken window is left unrepaired then it leaves the building looking uncared for which then attracts the vandals. The theory suggests that in preventing crime it would be ideal to accomplish that with steps like keeping buildings in good repair, painting over graffiti and maintaining clean streets as well as responding effectively to petty street crime. (www.sociology.com) ASBO’s are a civil order that can only be issued through the courts, this order is strictly made against a person or person’s that have either participated or initiated in anti-social behaviour by causing or likely to cause harassment, intimidation, alarm, distress towards one or more people within the wider community, but not that of the same household (www.crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.org) The bar charts below show the number of ASBO’s in Cheshire, Merseyside, Greater Manchester and Greater London. (crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk) Number of anti – social behaviour orders issued to persons aged 10 – 17 year olds at court between April 99 to Dec 2007 The diagram below shows the percentage of children who actually obtain ASBO’s and the percentage that decide to go a different route. (crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk) Number of anti – social behaviour orders issued to persons aged 18+ at court between April 99 to Dec 2007 The charts are showing that, in the bigger cities of London and Manchester more ASBO’s where issued between 2003 – 2007 than in Cheshire and Merseyside. Anti – social behaviour is organised into three categories’ street scene, nuisance neighbours, and environmental crime. Street Scene The category of street scene ranges from Begging Anti social drinking Street prostitution Kerb crawling Marketing of drugs within the streets. (www.homeoffice.gov.uk) Nuisance Neighbour The category of nuisance neighbours Intimidation and harassment Noise Rowdy and nuisance behaviour Hoax calls Animal related problems Vehicle related nuisance (www.homeoffice.gov.uk) Over the years, there has been incredible support in helping to combat nuisance neighbours whereas a family would have a possession order issued upon them. They are orders issued by governed bodies that include local housing authorities, registered housing associations, housing co-operatives and Housing Action Trusts. Private landlords have a wide range of powers to help deal with anti-social behaviour that takes place in or is related to the homes they supply. The Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003 enabled landlords to take immediate action in dealing with anti-social behaviour and protect the community by widening and strengthening housing injunctions. (www.communities.gov.uk) Environmental Crime The category of environmental crime Criminal damage / Vandalism Graffiti and fly posting Fly tipping Litter and waste Nuisance vehicles Drugs paraphernalia Firework misuse (www.homeoffice.gov.uk) This demonstrates that people can easily obtain an ASBO if they defy the law and become a nuisance against society. Advantages of ASBO’s In 2004 an unhinged youth was issued an ASBO that was due to run out in 2009, he was told that he could face up to five years in prison if he breached his restriction. However, it was reported that he was the very first person to ever have an ASBO revoked not only did he turn his life around, but the courts decided to lift the order and he got himself a job working as a mentor for other troubled teenagers. His ambition in life is to join the army or become a youth worker so it goes to prove that if you really want to turn your life around this demonstrates its possible, especially now with so much help available. (www.dailymail.co.uk) ASBO’s are meant to stop the perpetrator from going back to the places where they originally caused the trouble but it can sometimes be impossible if they work or go to school in that particular area. Therefore, there will be limits to what they can do at the times they will be there (www.responsiblecitizen.co.uk). Costs of ASBO’s In 2002 the reported cost of obtaining an ASBO averaged  £4,000 to  £5,000, whereas new studies has shown that the costs of ASBO’s have significantly reduced to costing  £2,500 including estimations of staff and legal expenses. Whenever an ASBO is breached or appealed the average cost then rises to a staggering  £5,350, but overall the police still think ASBO’s are cost effective compared to prison whereas not taking action against persistent anti – social behaviour has to have the highest cost of all. (www.asb.homeoffice.gov) Disadvantages of ASBO’s There has been a lot of criticism aimed towards ASBO’s and their effectiveness as many of those engrossed in the ASBO culture merely see it as a self fulfilling prophecy and consider ASBO’s as a badge of honour. This is however, a serious red flag area whereby some delinquents deliberately go out to accumulate ASBO’s in order to acquire street credibility, and by attainment it is purely seen as proof of standing within their peer groups (www.libdemvoice.org) The youth culture who see ASBO’s as a badge of honour may not however be too concerned by the stigma of gaining an ASBO and would therefore not care enough for the law in breaking their terms and conditions. However, if they do break their conditions they could be looking at up to two years in prison, everyone over the age of ten can and will be given an ASBO (www.responsiblecitizen.co.uk) Thugs who threaten violence and carry weapons are receiving ASBO’s and not handed harsher punishments like a prison sentence, carrying a knife or weapon constitutes at least five years in prison whereas giving them an ASBO is unacceptable. It is felt that ASBO’s are not reducing the levels of crime whereby stricter penalties and rehabilitation is what could be needed (www.thefreelibrary.com) Naming and shaming has been considered when handing out ASBO’s like they do with benefit fraud. However, naming the perpetrators presents the opportunities for their addresses to be exposed possibly leading to vigilante attacks, which would undoubtedly cause a lot more controversy throughout society and would only (www.caslon.com.au) After looking at the advantages and disadvantages of Asbo’s the project will now move on to looking at the agencies that are now tackling anti – social behaviour. Agencies tackling Anti – Social Behaviour There are lots of support from agencies that are working within partnership in trying to tackle and combat ASB effectively, they range from: Police and Community Support Officers Police Authority Probation Services Courts Crown Prosecution Services Fire and Rescue Services Health Services Street Wardens Youth Offending Teams Commercial Businesses Transport Providers These partnerships also include crime and disorder reduction partnerships, drug team actions and local strategic partnerships demonstrating that many authorities are determined to take a stand against ASB by doing whatever it takes to stop it from taking over the community in which they live and work in (www.asb.homeoffice.gov.uk). Apart from the above agencies, a parents’ role is to teach their children right from wrong and more importantly respect. However, this is evidently missing within dysfunctional families according to Squires and Stephen (2005). If the youth is under sixteen and breaks the law, then parenting orders could benefit the perpetrators’ from continuing to behave in an unacceptable manner. Parenting orders are imposed by the courts and they are given parenting contracts which enables interaction between themselves and certain support agencies that then sets out the standard of behaviour that is expected of the minor. The parents are required to attend courses, which may also include children attending school. They have to exercise control over their children’s offending behaviour by ensuring that they adhere to their curfew, however non-compliance of the above can lead to a  £1000 fine or any sentence that is available for a non – imprisonable offence. (www. direct.gov.uk) Conclusion In conclusion, the hypothesis was accepted. Findings show that not all ASBO’s that have been dispersed actually work in stopping a criminal act. Many of the youths act in an appalling manner just to obtain an ASBO for the reason that their friends have one, or they feel that their behaviour even if it is bad is the only thing that they have control over as they could be lacking something either from their home environment or within society itself. Anti–social behaviour can sometimes seem like a minor crime in the courtroom whereas graffiti, vandalism and harassment may seem trivial on a charge sheet, but behind those charges is a community living in fear besieged by reckless out of control minority of thugs. It is very intolerable that people are having to endure this type and level of ASB day in and day out feeling plagued in their own homes and not being able to go out and enjoy the public space within their community (Squires Stephen 2005). It costs around  £36,000 to lock somebody up for a year and prisons are already overcrowded (www.guardian.co.uk) so consequently if the government concentrated more on building and providing more centres were youths could entertain themselves within a controlled environment then many of the offenders would not go off the rails. Hale (2005) claimed that the majority of problems stemmed from boredom and if that could be combated then the chances are it could cause a decline towards Anti-social behaviour overall. Research Papers on ASB - Antisocial BehaviourCapital PunishmentThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThree Concepts of PsychodynamicRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanQuebec and CanadaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Shopping Words and Phrases in Spanish

Shopping Words and Phrases in Spanish For many travelers, shopping is one of the most anticipated activities. If you are visiting a Spanish-speaking area and want to shop, whether that means buying souvenirs or going grocery shopping for the day, this list of words and phrases along with a basic knowledge of grammar and everyday vocabulary should make the task easier. General Shopping Terms and Phrases Consider learning basic terms to understand the type of stores you will be shopping at, including their location and hours. These key phrases will help you talk to a  store manager, such as asking them what you want to try on or where the cash register is. Abierto a las 10 - Open at 10 ¿Hay ...?  - Are there ...? Do you have ...?La  caja; el  cajero, la  cajera  - Cash register or place where payments are made; cashierGracias, muchas gracias, mil gracias  - Thank you, thank you very muchNo lo  quiero. No  los  quiero. No la  quiero. No las quiero.  - I dont want it. (Lo  and  los  are used to refer to things with a masculine name,  la  and  las  for things with a feminine name.)Quiero ...,  por  favor.  - I want ..., please.Quisiera  probarlo,  por  favor.  - I would like to try it (on), please.Quisiera ...,  por  favor.  - I would like ..., please.Voy a pensarlo.  - Ill think about it.Por favor  - PleaseSà ³lo querà ­a mirar.  - Im only looking.Vuelvo pronto. Vuelvo ms tarde.  - Ill  come back  soon. Ill come back later. Words and Phrases for Understanding Cost and Value One of the most important parts of shopping is budgeting. Knowing the value of what you are buying is a must when dealing with exchange rates, foreign currency and a new language. Use the following terms to calculate costs. Barato  - CheapCaro,  cara  - ExpensiveComprar  - To buy ¿Cul es el cambio? - What is the exchange rate? ¿Cunto cuesta?  ¿Cunto  cuestan? - How much does it cost? How much do they cost? ¿Cunto vale?  ¿Cunto valen? - How much is it worth? How much are they worth? ¿Cuntos dà ³lares?  ¿Cuntos pesos?  ¿Cuntos euros? - How much (in dollars)? How much (in pesos)? How much (in euros)? ¿Dà ³nde puedo comprar ...? - Where can I buy ...?Descuento  - DiscountEn  oferta,  en  oferta  especial  - On saleRebaja  - Price reductionDe  rebajas  - On sale, at a discountEn venta, a la venta  - For sale, on saleTarjeta de crà ©dito;  ¿Se aceptan tarjetas de crà ©dito?  - Credit card; Are credit cards accepted?Vender, vendedor  - To sell, seller How to Describe the Items You Are Looking for Looking for something specific? Ask an assistant if they have what you are looking for in a specific size, color or material. The more descriptive, the more they will be able to help you.  ¿Hay ... en  otros  colores?  ¿Hay ... en  otras  tallas?  - Do you have ... in other colors? Do you have ... in other sizes?De  buena  calidad  - Good qualityDe mala  calidad  - Poor qualityPequeà ±o, pequeà ±a  - SmallMediano,  mediana  - Medium (in size)Grande  - LargeSon muy bonitos. Son muy  bonitas.  - Theyre very pretty. (Bonitos  is used to refer to things with a masculine name,  bonitas  if the name is feminine.)

The role of Nursing Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The role of Nursing Theory - Assignment Example The significance of having a clear defined body of theory in nursing consist of improved professional status for nurses, better patient care, guidance for research and education, and enhanced communication between nurses. This is because nursing aims at developing a unique body of knowledge. Chinn and Kramer (2010) add that theory: helps nurses to explain, describe, and predict everyday experiences; aid come up with a criteria to measure the quality of nursing care; improve nursing autonomy; and offer a basis for collecting valid and reliable data in relation to clients’ health status that are crucial for efficient decision-making together with implementation; assist build a common terminology in home health to be used to communicate with other health practitioners. There are various theories of nursing. Burns and Grove (2009) affirm that since the purpose of nursing education is to train competent nurses, it usually relies on theory. The nursing theory plays a very crucial role in drawing attention to the vital elements of nursing, for instance, the concept of home health, patient, and the environment of the patient, as well as the care nurses give. In this regard, in nursing education the nursing theory offers a more general focus for curriculum design. The study of theory by any nursing student is essential since it assist one to comprehend the career they have chosen, its motivation, vibrancy, and fluidity. Moreover, the nursing theory also guides curricular decision making. The relationship between theory and research is undoubted. Nurses require the results of nursing research if they are to offer the best care (Alligood & Tomey, 2009). To that effect, the applicability of the role of theory in nursing research, it provides a framework for generating new ideas and knowledge. According to Burns and Grove (2009), research without theory leads to in discreet information that does not add to the accumulated knowledge of the

Should the outside world intervene to help the victims of violence in Research Paper - 2

Should the outside world intervene to help the victims of violence in Syria - Research Paper Example CON: No the outside world should not intervene to help the victims of violence in Syria because: 1. Supporting Syria militarily violates the policy of non-military support 2. Supporting the rebels could lead to militarization of radical rebels within Syrian rebel group 3. Supporting Syria militarily will set a bad precedence, which may prompt the upsurge of rebel groups in many countries. 4. Supporting the Syrian rebels would amount to infringing on the sovereignty of the country. 5. The variation in the support, where some countries support the Syrian government and others support the Rebels may build a rivalry amongst other countries, which is a threat to world peace. The conflict in Syria is among the most deadly in the entire world. Over 70,000 people are dead since peaceful protests turned into a bloody revolution (Foreign Policy, n.p.). Many of these casualties are innocent men, women and children. They are not combatants of any sort but have been victimized by the regime of Ba shar al Assad in an effort to suppress the uprising. As the Syrian conflict drags on, it is becoming increasingly clear that something must be done to end the bloodshed and arrive at an agreement between all of the parties involved in the conflict. Currently the international community and Syrians engaged in the battle are wondering what the best way to end this conflict is. I believe strongly that there are several good reasons the outside world should intervene to help the victims of violence in Syria. The first reason the outside world should intervene in Syria is the fact that innocent lives are being destroyed by a cruel, authoritarianregime. I believe that the free and powerful nations of the world have the duty to help spread the ideals of freedom and justice to all people. Sometimes this requires free nations to support revolutions that are violent and messy from a diplomatic perspective. Many innocent people are dying in Syria at the hands of a dictator (Innocent Victims, n .p.). This alone should be enough reason to get involved. One of the most important things that need to be done is to care for the people displaced to Jordan, Turkey and Iraq (Inside, n.p.). These refugees need to be housed, fed and clothed. This is the humane thing to do. The United States has given more money towards this effort than any other nation on earth. This is commendable, but my feeling is more can be done. I believe that the United States and the powerful nations of Western Europe and Asia that are free and democratic should support the rebels in Syria with advanced training, weapons and military personnel from their own armies (Foreign Policy, n.p.). A second reason for full military engagement in the Syrian uprising centers on the fact, it is the duty of all nations to safeguard human rights, despite no matter where they are being violated. Bashar al Assad does not understand anything other than brute force. His father and grandfather both suppressed uprisings in the p ast with brutal tactics (South, 22). The outside world should intervene to show him that human rights are fundamental, and thus he cannot brutalize his own people, because the world upholds human rights with a high esteem, and it is willing to help. A peaceful and stable Syria is the first step towards this goal (Marcus, n.p.). Another reason that the world should help to end the conflict in Syria by becoming more engaged is the fact that

Transcendental Deduction Essay Example for Free

Transcendental Deduction Essay Kant’s Transcendental Deduction of the categories of the analytic concepts presents an analysis of the mental activities as well as the analysis of knowledge and self.   Kant discussed these mental activities using two sets of terms such as manifold representations and intuition as well as understanding and sensibility (p.76).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Representation to him means the various concepts pulling together into unity and can be given in an intuition that is merely sensible.   For Kant, intuition means a perception or knowledge (a priore) or insight.    Kant associated knowledge to intuition and also to perception (p.82).   He said, â€Å"The pure concepts of understanding even when they are applied to a priori intuition provide knowledge only to the extent that these are priori intuition, and through them, the concept of understanding is applied also.   He further noted that â€Å"empirical intuition serves only for the possibility of empirical knowledge. Sensible on the other hand, means either having or demonstrating sound reason and judgment or able to be perceived through the senses.   Synthesis is the result of combination, a process of combining different ideas, influences or objects into a new whole.   In view of transcendental deduction of Kant, the combination of concepts is act of â€Å"active department† of understanding which disguised it from the passive department which he called sensibility.   He concludes this statement that â€Å"all combining is an action of the understanding whether or not we are conscious of it† (p.75).   Kant further discussed the understanding self using another set of terminology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The â€Å"I think† which refers to that something was represented that could not be thought at all; He introduced three bits of terminology in order for us to grasp of the self-awareness (p76), that is expressed in the representation â€Å"I think.†Ã‚   These three bits about self-awareness according to Kant are: (1) the pure self-awareness which presupposed by all thought and intuition; (2) the basic self-awareness which is the self-consciousness that produces the representation of the â€Å"I think;† (3) Transcendental which is the unity of self-awareness. Clarifying the Aim of Transcendental Deduction of the Categories of the Analytical Concepts   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kant’s aim of transcendental deduction is to seek to generalize what he has said about self-awareness to all conceptual thinking.   The author pointed out that what Kant must have meant is that, â€Å"a property combines with other properties† or that a â€Å"representation of a property combines with the representation.†Ã‚   This according to him, Kant infers about analysis is being possible if there has previously been synthesis. In the discussion of analytic concept, Kant used such terms as I, I think, I can, I couldn’t do it.   He said that each of this representation is accompanied with consciousness that when combined with different representation can on finally say â€Å"I can† that means he is now aware of the intended action or he calls it â€Å"self-awareness.   In his discussion of synthesis, he said that it is an act of the mind.   Here, what he meant is act of mentally combining distinct intentional representations. Important Argumentative Elements      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first argumentative element about transcendental deduction is that, our concept about an object is associated with self awareness.   The mind must have representations of that concept to make it pure concept.   In my own interpretation, this representation could be experiences that connect representation of concept, since self has one identity.   Therefore, all other perception must be belonging to one consciousness or attributing to one identity in which the central grip is the self-employed knowledge. In this sense, we can conclude that the self identifies object based on consciousness and awareness.   Usually, the experiences help shape the self’s concept of things.   Kant emphasize that there must be a unity of consciousness and self-awareness which underlies the relations of representations to an object, which makes their objective validity and consequently their status as an item of knowledge (p.78).   What he meant by this is that the unity of self consciousness and the synthetic unity of self awareness are the bases for all uses of the understanding and it has nothing to do with any sensible intuition. Kant also emphasized that â€Å"understanding must related through more understanding to objects of intuition (p.83).   In other words, concepts that are not sensible cannot be transformed to reality and cannot be understood.   An act of the understanding results from self-awareness that leads to thinking something that is necessary condition not only for our identity as experiencing minds, but also for anything that is to be an object of sensible intuition (p.83).   These forms of thought of thoughts must come to have objective reality.   In my idea, Kant is discussing these matters for us to understand how our thoughts are formed and come into reality.   The object is self-awareness and self-consciousness of our actions, thoughts, and words. On of the argumentative elements in Kant’s discussion of deduction of pure concepts of understanding that I find is his statement about the multiplicity of intuition which he labeled synthesis.   He said that it reminds us that we cannot represent to ourselves anything as combined in the object unless we ourselves have previously combined it.   I find this statement somehow contradicting in a sense that synthesis is natural work of the mind which we may not be conscious how it is working. He said synthesis is â€Å"mind self activity† (p.75), and can only be carried out by mind itself.   In this case, it appears that we have no control of this activity.   If what he meant is that we can be aware of all these intuition pure concept and synthesis.   Then, we can guide our thoughts towards right expression of reality.   If this is the case, the expression of self-awareness and self-consciousness would have high effect.   But since this is a mental act, it can only be carried out by the mind itself which we are not conscious.   There I would say that it certainly cannot represent to us anything. Kant presented another interesting discussion of the pure concept and forms of thoughts.   He said that â€Å"pure concept of understanding is related through mere understanding to objects of intuition of any kinds as long as it is sensible† (p.103). Here, Kant relates pure concept of understanding with intuition of any kinds as long as it is sensible regardless of the nature of those objects whether they are corrupt or bad character.   He pointed out that because of this application; the intuition become a form of thoughts convey us information about determinate object.   What quite interesting in this is that, he said that pure concept of understanding is related to intuition which is sensible.   The pure concept to intuition is mere forms of thoughts with no determinate object related to intuition which is sensible. Thus, the discussion centers on how our mental faculties are working in so far as to have self-awareness which must be the basis of all these.   Kant pointed out that there is in us a certain basic form of a priori sensible intuition that depends on our passive faculty representation.   What he meant is that we have intuition of space and time which is also the pure intuition.   But this intuition according to Kant is either pure intuition or empirical intuition.   The pure intuition is about space and time while empirical those sensations that immediately represent to us as real in space and time.   Kant noted that â€Å"thing in space and time are given as perception† (p.82). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kant’s discussion of transcendental deductions was quite very difficult to understand.   But in so far as my understanding is concerned, Kant presented a detailed discussion of how our mental faculties are working towards a formation of thoughts about the self from what he calls manifold representation.   He said that we have basically a priori knowledge yet it needs to be combined to the manifold representations which he calls this combination as synthesis or synthetic unity.   This according to Kant leads to self awareness or self consciousness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kant also discussed pure concept of knowledge which according to him is related to understanding objects of intuition.   Here he discussed that before a concept becomes a thought it has to be identified with intuition of any kinds as long as it is sensible.   In other words, a concept that is identified with sensibility can be concrete and can be grasped.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But what is important in this discussion is the aim of this presentation.   Kant was able to clarify to us how our mental faculties are working towards the making of mere thoughts and concepts to become words and pure concepts of knowledge to express consciousness and awareness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I would say that knowing all these, must help us to be more careful of our self-expression as well as of our attitude in dealing with others.   The transcendental deductions has helped us know our selves, therefore it must help us too in expressing our own selves in the everyday events and circumstances of our lives.

whistleblowers :: essays research papers

Because of certain events and media scandals that have surrounded the business community a former forgotten kind of employees has regained importance they are called the whistleblowers. Their importance has reached such tremendous heights that they were named in Time magazine’s 2002 Persons of the year because of their crucial involvement in the Enron case and many others that followed after that. The dictionary definition states that whistleblower as â€Å"One who reveals something covert or informs against another person†. Whistleblowers can get their title no matter what position of the company they occupy as long as they have reliable information any employee can inform of unethical procedures or illegal that the company they are working for might be engaging. There are many cases where whistleblowers have been the key part in the prosecution of CEOs directors, financial consultants, etc. that had been engaging in illegal procedures and that if there have not be because of the whistleblowers aide the authorities would have never even notice those felonies. There are many examples one that is cited on the article is the case of James Alderson a chief financial officer in a small hospital that sued the company that acquired the hospital a large medical company called Quorum Health Group Inc. part of Columbia/HCA Company because he found out that the kept two sets of books for preparing healthcare costs for Medicare patients one that was sent to the Federal government with highly inflated costs and the other one that detailed actual cost of operations. The case started in 1990 and ended until 2003 we also have to consider that in 1990 the business environment did not have the huge concerns that we have today over the management of financial information and there were not many laws to aide whistleblowers in their cause. But since that time new policies and laws have emerged to support whistleblowers and there is a greater focus of executives over ethical issues. By blowing the whistle Alderson knew that he was jeopardizing his career and he did he had to finance the whole case with his checkbook, he lost his job and had

How Fitzgerald Tell the Story in Chapter 1 of the Great Gatsby Essay

Write about some of the ways Fitzgerald tells the story in chapter 1 The chapter begins with Nick Carraway introducing himself as the narrator. Fitzgerald uses a first-person retrospective narrative, therefore we are given Nicks point of view throughout. The chapter begins with Nick remembering his father’s advice that â€Å"all people in this world haven’t had the advantages that [he’s] had† this tells the reader that the main theme of the novel is wealth. The use of the word â€Å"advantages† suggests that Nick comes from a wealthy family. Fitzgerald makes Nick claim that â€Å"I’m inclined to reserve all judgements† yet quickly contradicts this he tells â€Å"the intimate revelations of young men† are â€Å"marred by obvious suppressions†, by Fitzgerald doing this, the audience are given an opinion on Nick, realising he is likely to be an unreliable narrator. However when Nick says â€Å"I’m inclined to reserve all judgements† the reader may also feel that Nick will give a true and honest account of the events and will not be biased against any of the characters. Fitzgerald uses this chapter to set the scene of the novel. Fitzgerald makes it clear through Nick’s narration that the events within the novel have already taken place â€Å"back from the East last autumn†, the reader instantly knows that we will be given an interpretation of the events and they will all be from Nicks point of view. Nick talks about â€Å"Midas and Morgan and Maecenas† all three of these men were renowned for their wealth. Morgan and Maecenas were real men, whereas Midas’s story is a Greek myth. By mentioning both myth and reality in the first chapter Fitzgerald tells the reader that myth and reality will be mixed throughout the novel. Fitzgerald introduces most of the main characters within this chapter as part of the establishment of the text. Gatsby is the first to be introduced excluding Nick, which could suggest that Gatsby is the protagonist of the novel. Later on in the chapter we are introduced to Tom, Daisy and Jordan as Nick goes to a dinner party over at East egg. Fitzgerald has Nick use exaggerations of expressions and body language to create an impression of Tom Buchannan and the others in East egg. Fitzgerald has Nick harshly describe Tom as being â€Å"arrogant† and powerful â€Å"not even the effeminate swank of his riding clothes could hide the enormous power of that body† by using this description Fitzgerald highlights his role as a dominant male, Fitzgerald supports this by the use of direct speech from Tom â€Å"I am stronger and more of a man than you are†, this again shows that Tom believes  he is above everybody else again re-enforcing his arrogance. Fitzgerald uses oxymoron’s to describe the way in which Tom handles Nick â€Å"he turned me around again politely and abruptly† this shows that Nick as a narrator is contradicting himself hence causing the reader to question his narrat ion once again. Throughout the chapter, Nick uses adverbs such as â€Å"accusingly† and â€Å"helplessly† when referring to Daisy, allowing Fitzgerald to give the impression that she is dominated by Tom and that they are living in a patriarchal society. This contrast is displayed by Nick’s use of adverbs such as â€Å"decisively†, â€Å"restlessly† and â€Å"crossly† when retelling Tom’s speech, showing Tom’s power. During the dinner where also introduced to myrtle in a way as her phone call interrupts dinner, we also find out about how Jordan talks about her Tom and his family, â€Å"Tom’s got some woman in new York†, therefore showing she’s not a very trustworthy character. Fitzgerald also uses simile’s to add more emphasis to the point he is making â€Å"compelled me to the room as though he were moving a checker to another square†, this also shows Tom’s power. towards the end of the chapter Nick witnesses Gatsby standing at the end of his lawn, nick describes the way in which Gatsby held out his arms as â€Å"curious† this gives the reader an urge to want to read on and find out what the green light is and what significance it holds in relation to Gatsby. Fitzgerald makes Nick use the word â€Å"vanished† at the end of the chapter which give the chapter a more dramatic end.

The Study of English Reading Strategies for English Majors in Ielts

The Study of English reading strategies for English majors in IELTS English Education Department of College of Foreign Languages Capital Normal University June 2012 Contents I. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 II. Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. 4 2. 1 The definition of reading †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 2. 2 The definition of English reading strategy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 2. 3 The reading test items in IELTS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 2. 4 The English reading strategies in IELTS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 III. Research Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 3. 1 Instruments †¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. 2 Research Setting and sampling †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 3. 3 Design†¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 3. 4 Analyzing Procedures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 IV. Results and Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 4. 1 Results †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 4. 2 Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦12 V. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 5. 1 Major findings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 5. 2 Implications†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 5. 3 Limitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 5. 4 Future studies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 VI. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. â⠂¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 Appendix †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 I. Introduction 1. Background of the research Nowadays, more and more Chinese students choose to study or travel abroad, so English becomes more and more important. International English Language Testing System (IELTS) is an international standardized test of English language proficiency (Wikipedia, 2011). It becomes one of the most popular exams for those who want to go abroad. In IELTS, reading is the most difficult part for many candidates, because in one hour candidates should finish 3 passages and 40 test items. And most candidates have problems either understanding the subject matter or completing all the sections. Keller, 2010) Even English majors, can not do well in the reading test. They usually lose many scores in readi ng test. Almost every examinee wants to improve their standard of reading. Although they try to use some strategies which were taught by their teachers or trainers, they can’t use these strategies effectively. Many scholars (Li, 2010;Luo, 2010;Shen, 2011;Yao, 2011;Tierney, Robert J. 2000; Readence, John E. , Hosenfeld, Carol, 2003) from home and abroad have noticed that the use of English reading strategies are very important and useful for candidates to do the English reading texts in IELTS.They also find that how to use various strategies effectively. For example, skimming is one of the most frequently used strategies in IELTS. â€Å"Skimming refers to reading a paragraph quickly to get an idea of what it is about, without trying to understand its details. † said by Dr Vivek(2009). 2. Significance of the research Although teachers and trainers have introduced many strategies of English reading, most of the students, even English majors who take the exam of IELTS, alw ays make many mistakes in the reading tests. In fact, many scholars (Li, 2010;Luo, 2010;Shen, 2011;Yao, 2011;Tierney, Robert J. 2000; Readence, John E. Hosenfeld, Carol, 2003) or teachers have already concluded various strategies for English reading test. For example, students or examinees should use the strategy â€Å"skimming† to reading a paragraph or a passage quickly to get an idea of what it is about, without trying to understand its details. However, many students, even English majors, just know the meaning of â€Å"skimming†, but cannot apply this strategy correctly and effectively to their reading test. In addition, because the time is limited, examiners do not have time to use the reading strategies he has learnt. Or maybe they haven’t developed the reading skills in his former study.Therefore, research in this area will be of great significance. This research aims to find out English Majors’ condition and the existing problem in using the readi ng strategies in IELTS. For students and examinees, it will help them to understand the basic meaning of each strategy, to form their own reading skills, and to use various strategies effectively in different kinds of reading test items IELTS and to make less mistakes in the test. 3. Hypothesis This study aims at investigating what the reading strategies are, when they should be used and how to use various strategies effectively.It can provide some suggestions of using reading strategies for English majors to take the exam of IELTS. 4. Research questions †¢ What are the English reading strategies in IELTS for English majors? †¢ When various strategies can be used in different reading test items in IELTS? †¢ How to use various strategies in IELTS reading test effectively? II. Literature Review 2. The definition of reading Far from being a â€Å"passive† skill, reading, is in fact, an active process in which readers relate information in the text to what they alr eady known. Knowledge of language allows readers to identify the printed words and sentences.The purposes of good readers are meaningful that they do not decode each letter or each word. Instead, they take in chunks of the text and relate it to what they know. Traditionally, many psychologists and teachers have insisted that reading is nothing more than decoding writing symbols to sounds. (i. e. figuring out what the printed word says). Others traditionally have insisted that reading involves not only decoding from print to sound, but also comprehending the written material. Forrest-Pressley and Waller (1984) felt that reading is not merely a decoding process nor it is solely a comprehension.Reading process is not just a â€Å"decoding plus comprehension† but reading involves even more. It involves at least three types of skills: decoding, comprehension and nature reading strategies (Forrest-Pressley & Brown, 1984; Brown, 1980). Besides, reading traditionally has been conside red as cognitive task. An unfortunate consequence of such a view of reading is that there has been no room for concern for the â€Å"executive control† that is done by a skilled reader. Only recently have several authors (e. g. Baker Brown, 1984; Brown, 1980; Myers & Pairs, 1928) suggested that reading might involve metacognition as well as cognition.Johnson (1983) has attempted to approach the issue of accessing comprehension from a rational point of view. He first considers what reading comprehension is, and then considers what factors influence it and its assessment— including reader and text characteristics. He comes to a definition of reading comprehension: That is reading comprehension is considered to be a complex behavior, which involves conscious and unconscious uses of various strategies, including problem— solving strategies, to build a model of the meaning, which is assumed to have intended.The model is constructed using schematic knowledge structure s and the various systems, which the writer has given (e. g. words, syntax, macrostructure, social information) to generate hypotheses, which are tested using carious logical and pragmatic strategies. Most of this model must be inferred, since text can never be fully explicit and, in general, very little of it is explicit because even the appropriate intentional and extensional meanings of words must be inferred from their context. (1983). 2. The definition of English reading strategyIt would be helpful to review a concise definition of reading strategies, but unfortunately, there is no consensus among researchers. At least, three problems persist. First, it is not clear how to differentiate reading strategies from other processes that might be called thinking, reasoning, perceptual study or motivational strategies. Weinstein and Mayer (1986) defined cognitive strategies as a broad array of actions that help to control behavior, emotions, motivation, communication, attention, and co mprehension.Although each kind of strategies might influence reading, not all researchers would classify them as reading strategies. A second problem concerns the scope strategies— are they global or specific? Levin (1986) argued that strategies include multiple components that must be carefully analyzed, whereas Derry and Murphy (1986) distinguished strategies as general learning plans that are difficult to demarcate when they are embed in complex sequences of behavior or hierarchies of decision. The third problem involves internationality and consciousness, considering these opposing viewpoints. To be a strategy, the means must be employed deliberately, with some awareness, in order to produce or influence the goal. † (Wellman, 1988) â€Å"Also, it is now recognized that strategies function at its best occurs without deliberation. It is more reflexive than voluntary† (Pressley, Forrest-Pressley & Elliot-Faust, 1988) Since the 1970s there has been no shortage of L2 (Second Language Learning) theorists advocating teaching students to use a variety of reading strategies in order to read better.There strategies run argument form the traditionally recognized reading skills of skimming and scanning, contextual guessing or skipping unknown words, tolerating ambiguity, reading for meaning, critical reading and make inferences, to more recently recognized strategies text structure (Block). Researchers in the L1 (First Language Learning) and L2 fields have demonstrated that strategy used is different in proficient readers. More proficient readers use them in different ways. 2. The reading test items in IELTS †¢ TURE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN †¢ SUMMARY †¢ HEADING MUTILPCHIOCE †¢ COMPLETION †¢ SHORT ANSWER †¢ TABLE †¢ MATCHING In our research, we will focus on the two kinds of reading test items in IELTS: TURE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN and MUTILPCHIOCE. In IELTS, these two kinds of test items are used with high frequency. Many of the examinees in IELTS often make mistakes in these two kinds of test items. Therefore, we will carry out research of reading strategies on these two parts and figure out whether English majors use reading strategies to do these two kinds of test items in IELTS. 2. The English reading strategies in IELTSSearch reading is the strategy likely to be used by candidates to help them find specific information and answer as quickly and accurately as possible in reading examinations. Search reading is defined by Urqhuart and Weir (1998) as the strategy used to locate and comprehend discrete pieces of information on predetermined topics in order to answer a set of questions or provide data. According to the authors, the readers do not necessarily have to start by reading the whole text to get the gist. Moreover, search reading seems to be compatible at different points with scanning, skimming and ‘careful global reading’ (i. . comprehension of the main ideas in the text). That is, t he first step in search reading involves the process of locating (scanning) the words that are noted in a question and matching them to the same or related information in the text. Skimming is then used to select the specific text that seems important to answer the question. Consequently, the text selected will be read more carefully to find out if it definitely answers the question, which means careful global reading will then take place (by reference to the parts of the text selected and not to the whole text, as discussed above).Search reading is also addressed by other authors such as Dreher (1992), Guthrie and Kirsch (1987), Symons and Specht (1994), as well as Enright et al. (2000) specifically in relation to English language reading examinations. III. Research Methodology 1. Instruments In this research, we will use â€Å"individual interview† and â€Å"think aloud† as our research methods. The main advantage of face-to-face or direct interviews is that the rese archer can adapt the questions as necessary, clarify doubt and ensure that the responses are properly understood, by repeating or rephrasing the questions. Peter,2010) The researcher can also pick up nonverbal cues from the respondent. Any discomfort, stress and problems that the respondent experiences can be detected through frowns, nervous taping and other body language, unconsciously exhibited by any person. We will design several questions related to our topic. A notable advantage of think aloud protocols over individual interviews as a data collection method with respect to information behavior is that they are at least able to elicit data at the time of the experience in question and the accuracy of the material contributed will therefore not be affected by lapses in memory. Manguel, 2008) To investigate whether a search reading strategy is used in reading examinations, a questionnaire asked 40 international postgraduate students who had done IELTS which strategies they used w hen reading text and answering questions in the academic reading task. The questionnaire was composed of a single question, which asked participants to choose the steps they followed and to put them in order (as illustrated in Appendix A). These steps were based on the steps recommended for the IELTS reading module (Jakeman & McDowell, 2001), but three steps were added to extend the scope of the questionnaire.Participants reported that they underlined the key words in the questions (23 participants), scanned the passage to find the key words (23 participants) and read the text around the key word carefully after finding it (30 participants). These results, therefore, suggest that the most common strategy used when reading under time pressure in examinations is compatible with search reading (as described at the beginning of this section). Furthermore, it seems that two distinct aspects of selective processing are involved in search reading: perceptual and conceptual processing of te xt.This distinction is based on Masson's (1982, 1985) characterization of cognitive processes in skimming stories. Applying Masson's theory to English language reading examinations, candidates may look for visual features, i. e. key words, in the text relevant to the question, which is a perceptual process. Having located the pertinent information, they then more carefully read the phrases containing the key words so that the answer can be found, accurately comprehended and extracted to answer the question, which is a conceptual process. 2.Research Setting and Sampling We did our research in Capital Normal University. In this research, we chose three English majors to be the interviewees. First, the three interviewees attended the interview one by one. They were asked some questions about English reading strategies. These might help us researchers know more about the interviewees and their knowledge, opinion and recognition of reading strategies. Then, the three interviewees attende d the think-aloud one by one. We researchers chose one piece of IELTS reading passage for the interviewees to finish.During the test, they were asked some questions about the test items and their feelings about reading test while they were doing the test. The whole passage: Search begins for ‘Earth' beyond solar system (shown in the appendix) 3. Design During the interview, we will ask interviewees to answer some questions about reading strategies, such as their recognition of English reading strategies, the usage of reading strategies, the effect of using reading strategies, etc. During the think-aloud, we will give each of them a piece of IELTS reading passage, and ask them to finish all the exercises after the passage.When they are doing the exercise, we will ask them one or two questions of each test item about English reading strategies. 4. Analyzing Procedures Step 1: Select three English majors from the CNU in different levels. Step 2: The three interviewees will be int erviewed individually. Several questions about reading strategies will be asked. Their answer will be record in a excel file. Step 3: The three students will attend the think-aloud interview one by one. During they do the reading test, several designed questions will be asked. Step 4: Collect their answers and compare with each other. | |When did you begin |Will you use reading |Reading strategies can help|Would you like to |How about your | | |Do you know what is reading|to know reading |strategies during reading |you improve your English in|know more about |reading scores? | | |strategies? |strategies? |texts? Please lay out these|which aspects? |reading strategies? | | | | | |by using frequency. | | | | | |Candidate A | |The first question: replace the original words by using the four choices. | |Question 2 – 5: rereading the text, and then finding out the key sentences and translating. | |The first question: using exclusive method to leave out C and D, and then using sca nning. | |Question 2 – 5: using skimming strategy firstly to find out these statements, and then using scanning strategy to get the right | |answers. From the above table, we can find out exclusive method, skimming and scanning are three reading strategies most frequently used by candidates. Usually, when candidates finish multiple choice questions, they would like to use exclusive method to ignore one or two interferential choices. And then they can choose possible answer from rest two choices, so they have 50% opportunity to get right answer. Question 2 to question 5 are true or false questions. Candidates used skimming to find out where are these sentences in the original text.When they focused on one sentence, they will use scanning to search for certain words to figure out whether the statement is true or false or not given. 4. Discussion The purpose of the study was to investigate the condition of English reading strategies for English majors in IELTS. The findings clea rly suggest that most students have learnt and used the strategies in their reading. For the multiple choice items in the IELTS exam, scanning is the most useful strategy. We can find out the relational part of the key words in the item.The students who have learnt the reading strategies outperformed those who didn’t know the reading strategies in every aspect as shown by their performance during the think-aloud part. (The first student and third student have learnt English reading strategies before, while the second student did not know reading strategies before. So he used longer time finishing the same number items but failed in the exam. ) They showed particular strengths in the IELTS reading section, suggesting that the reading strategies they have been taught really help the students to understand and focus on the test of their reading.It also seems to be the case that skimming should become a natural first step to any kind of reading readers do —- articles, book s, newspapers, and even advertisements or bus schedules( , 1999). In the short answer questions part, skimming is becoming more helpful for examinees. Skimming the text means reading very quickly. Just look at the headings, subheadings and the first lines of each section or paragraph. The examinees need to catch the key points of the test in limited time, so skimming can save up much time than reading the test one word after another.Another reason for the benefits of reading strategies may be that scanning is a search for information which is often some specific information ( , 1997). This supports and adds to the findings of Wang Li (2011), who showed similar results for English reading strategies. In the true/false/not given items, scanning can not be more proper than any other strategies. Scanning a text means looking for a specific piece of information or specific words. Ignore the information that is not relevant to your purpose.Scanning is a useful strategy to apply when the q uestions ask for factual information. This study has taken a step in the direction of justifying the effect of English reading strategies for English majors in the IELTS. These reading strategies can not only promote students’ understanding when they do reading exercises, but also improve students’ reading ability. It may be the case that students who do not familiar with the reading strategies may be easily fail the IELTS compared to those who have already learnt and use reading strategies before.It is also not clear whether skimming and scanning are the most useful reading strategies for IELTS, such as note-taking and summary would succeed to the same extent. The approach outlined in this study should be replicated with other students in other classes, as well as at other levels in order to be able to recommend the effect of English reading strategies for IELTS for English majors. V. Conclusion 5. Major findings 1. English reading strategies in IELTS From the whole r esearch, we find that although there are so many reading strategies in reading text, informants use skimming and scanning most frequently.In IELTS reading test, there are 8 types questions — true or false questions, summary, heading, multiple choice, completion, short answer, table and matching, while, scanning and skimming can be used in most kinds of questions. In other words, scanning and skimming are the basic reading strategies in IELTS reading test. 2. The proper way to use various reading strategies in IELTS It is generally believed the first passage is easier than the second and third. Sometimes, however, this doesn't hold true. So, before attempting the passages, informants do an overview to get an idea about the subject matter.Different strategies can be adopted to attempt different passages. These may be skimming and scanning, reading intensively and a hit-and-trial method. In this research, we will just focus on two kinds of reading strategies—-skimming and scanning. The formats of the questions in the IELTS are: multiple choice, gap-fills, short answer questions, matching and true/false/not given. Skimming the text means reading very quickly. Just look at the headings, subheadings and first lines of each section or paragraph. Also notice the key words repeated throughout the text.The main purpose is to understand the gist — the general idea of the text. When you need to give a title of the test, skimming can help you. Also, matching part acquire you to skim the test in a short time. Scanning a text means looking for a specific piece of information or specific words. Ignore the information that is not relevant to your purpose. Scanning is a useful strategy to apply when the questions ask for specific factual information. For example, in the multiple choices, gap-fills, true/false/not given items, scanning can not be more helpful than any other strategies. . Implications As it can be seen in the findings and discussion, English majors do know some English reading strategies while they are doing reading tests. In IELTS, the reading strategies for different kinds of reading test items are various. So this research may help English majors understand more about the English reading strategies for different reading test items in IELTS. They may get higher scores in IELTS after knowing and making full use of the various reading strategies. 5. Limitations In all, the research findings are limited by the very nature of the method used.For example, the interviews are finished only in one university and the interviewees are only three. The data may not be accurately. The study of the English reading strategies and the reading test items in IELTS are limited. We just conduct the research on some of the strategies and two kinds of test items. However, due to the physical condition, time limitation, etc, the limitations cannot be overcome. 5. Further studies In the future, we may focus on the study of the rest kinds of English reading strategies and reading test items.It is believed that reading strategies come to help for students or examinees to take exams. The further studies may be helpful for English majors to do reading tests better in IELTS. VI. References 1. Camboune, B. (2001). Why do some students fail to learn to read? Ockham’s razar and the conditions of learning. The Reading Teacher, 54, (8), 784-786 2. Csaba Csikos and Janos Steklacs, Metacognition-Based Reading Intervention Programs Among Fourth-Grade Hungarian Students, 2010 3. Davis, M. , & Lyons, S. (2001). Improving reading †¦Reading: ideas from two teachers. Voices from the Middle 8, (4), 51-57. . Dr Vivek. (2009) Tips for Reading, IELTS Section AIPPG, Retrieved from http://www. aippg. com/ielts/reading-tips-ielts. html 5. Dr Vivek. (2009) Tips for the Reading Test, IELTS Section AIPPG, Retrieved from http://www. aippg. com/ielts/strategies%20for%20reading. htm 6. Dreher, M. J. (1992). Searching for information in t extbooks. Journal of Reading, 35 (5), 364–371. Web of Science ® Times Cited: 14 7. Enright, M. K. , Grabe, W. , Koda, K. , Mosenthal, P. , Mulcahy-Ernt, P. & Schedl, M. (2000). TOEFL 2000 reading framework: A working paper. TOEFL Monograph Series Report No. 17.Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service. 8. Forrest-Presley and Waller (1984) Metacognition About Reading Is Related to Reading Performance: A comment About Jacobs and Paris Educational Psychologist Volume 24, Issue 2, 1989 9. Guthrie, J. T. & Kirsch, I. S. (1987). Distinctions between reading comprehension and locating information in text. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79 (3), 220–227. CrossRef,Web of Science ® 10. Hosenfeld, Carol A Preliminary Investigation of the Reading Strategies of Successful and No successful Second Language Learners http://eric. ed. gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini. sp? _nfpb=true=EJ162478=no=EJ162478 11. Hurst,C. O. (2000). Guided reading can strengthen comprehension skil ls. Teaching Pre k-8 31, (2) 70-71 12. Jakeman, V. & McDowell, C. (2001). IELTS practice tests plus: Teaching not just testing. Harlow, Essex: Longman. 13. Johnson, P. (2002). Strategies that work: Teaching comprehension to enhance understanding. Instructor, 111 (8), 30-43 14. Keller, J. M. (2010). IELTS Reading Strategies. Tcyonline. Retrieved from http://www. tcyonline. com/betterthink/ielts-reading-test-strategies 15. Macmilland Dictionary ttp://www. macmillandictionary. com/dictionary/british/IELTS 16. Masson, M. E. J. (1982). Cognitive processes in skimming stories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 8 (5), 400–417. CrossRef,Web of Science ® 17. Masson, M. E. J. (1985). Rapid reading processes and skills. In G. E. MacKinnon & T. G. Waller (Eds. ), Reading research: Advances in theory and practice, Vol. 4. (pp. 183–230). New York: Academic Press. 18. Symons, S. & Specht, J. A. (1994). Including both time and accuracy in defining text search efficiency. Journal of Reading Behavior, 26 (3), 267–276.Web of Science ® Times Cited: 5 19. Tierney, Robert J. ; Readence, John E. Reading Strategies and Practices: A Compendium. Fifth Edition. http://eric. ed. gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini. jsp? _nfpb=true=ED448405=no=ED448405 20. Urqhuart, S. & Weir, C. (1998). Reading in a second language: Process, product and practice. London: Longman. 21. Wikipedia http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/IELTS 22. . (2011) , ,Retrieved from http://bj. xdf. cn/publish/portal24/tab16996/info647081. htm 23. [J]. . 010. 10 24. [J]. ( )2010. 9 25. [J]. ( ). 2011. 7 26. [J]. . 2011. 12 †¢ Appendix 1. Individual Interview Questions: 1. Do you what is reading strategies? 2. When do you begin to learn about reading strategies? 3. , , Do you usually use the reading strategies in doing reading tests? What kind of strategies did you use? Please put them in order according to frequency. 4. Do you think reading strategi es do help in your reading test? And how? 5. , What’s your reading score in the extensive reading? 2. The whole passage: Search begins for ‘Earth' beyond solar system Staff and agencies Wednesday December 27, 2006 Guardian Unlimited 1. A European spacecraft took off today to spearhead the search for another â€Å"Earth† among the stars. 2. The Corot space telescope blasted off aboard a Russian Soyuz rocket from the Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan shortly after 2. 20pm. 3. Corot, short for convection rotation and planetary transits, is the first instrument capable of finding small rocky planets beyond the solar system.Any such planet situated in the right orbit stands a good chance of having liquid water on its surface, and quite possibly life, although a leading scientist involved in the project said it was unlikely to find â€Å"any little green men†. 4. Developed by the French space agency, CNES, and partnered by the European Space Agency (ESA), Austr ia, Belgium, Germany, Brazil and Spain, Corot will monitor around 120,000 stars with its 27cm telescope from a polar orbit 514 miles above the Earth. Over two and a half years, it will focus on five to six different areas of the sky, measuring the brightness of about 10,000 stars every 512 seconds. . â€Å"At the present moment we are hoping to find out more about the nature of planets around stars which are potential habitats. We are looking at habitable planets, not inhabited planets. We are not going to find any little green men,† Professor Ian Roxburgh, an ESA scientist who has been involved with Corot since its inception, told the BBC Radio 4 Today programme. 6. Prof Roxburgh said it was hoped Corot would find â€Å"rocky planets that could develop an atmosphere and, if they are the right distance from their parent star, they could have water†. 7.To search for planets, the telescope will look for the dimming of starlight caused when an object passes in front of a star, known as a â€Å"transit†. Although it will take more sophisticated space telescopes planned in the next 10 years to confirm the presence of an Earth-like planet with oxygen and liquid water, Corot will let scientists know where to point their lenses. 8. Measurements of minute changes in brightness will enable scientists to detect giant Jupiter-like gas planets as well as small rocky ones. It is the rocky planets – that could be no bigger than about twice the size of the Earth – which will cause the most